Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a multifactorial disease, caused mainly by bacteria, whose most traditional method of treatment is the use of antibiotics. However, incorrect administration of these drugs may lead to the emergence of resistant strains. The objective of this study was to identify the most common pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in the northwest State of Paraná, Brazil and establish their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. A total of 507 foremilk samples were collected in 13 municipalities. Bacteria were identified and their profile of antimicrobial susceptibility were tested. The distribution of positive samples was not homogeneous among the cities. Streptococci were the most frequently genus observed (61%), followed by staphylococci (28%) and other genera (11%). Among streptococci and staphylococci, Streptococcus uberis and Staphylococcus aureus were the most frequently identified species, respectively. Overall, 40% of the isolates showed resistance to at least one of the antibiotics used in this study. A high proportion of cefoperazone resistant Staphylococcus spp. and bacitracin resistant Streptococcus were observed. The isolated microorganisms showed little resistance to enrofloxaxin. The results obtained show the importance of isolating the microorganism causing mastitis and testing its resistance to antibiotics before performing the treatment of the disease.
References
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Tomazi T. & dos Santos M.V. 2020. Antimicrobial use for treatment of clinical mastitis in dairy herds from Brazil and its association with herd-level descriptors. Prev Vet Med, 176.
Valmorbida M.K., dos Santos Carneiro D.C., Prior K.C., Griebeler E., Troncarelli M.Z. & Dezen D. 2017. Etiology and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility profile of strains isolated from bovine mastitis in dairy herds from the midwest region of Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Acta Vet Bras, 11, 219–225.
Viçosa G.N., Moraes P.M., Yamazi A.K. & Nero L.A. 2010. Enumeration of coagulase and thermonuclease-positive Staphylococcus spp. in raw milk and fresh soft cheese: An evaluation of Baird-Parker agar, Rabbit Plasma Fibrinogen agar and the PetrifilmTM Staph Express count system. Food Microbiol, 27, 447–452.
Ashraf A. & Imran M. 2020. Causes, types, etiological agents, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, effects on human health and future aspects of bovine mastitis. Anim Heal Res Rev, 21, 36–49.
Boireau C., Cazeau G., Jarrige N., Calavas D., Madec J.Y., Leblond A., et al. 2018. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from mastitis in dairy cattle in France, 2006–2016. J Dairy Sci, 101, 9451–9462.
Contreras G.A. & Rodríguez J.M. 2011. Mastitis: Comparative etiology and epidemiology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 16, 339–356.
Costa G.M. da, Barros R.A., Custódio D.A. da C., Pereira U. de P., Figueiredo D.J. & Silva N. da. 2013. Resistência a antimicrobianos em Staphylococcus aureus isolados de mastite em bovinos leiteiros de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo), 80, 297–302.
Da Costa A.L.P. & Silva Junior A.C.S. 2017. Resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos e Saúde Pública: uma breve revisão de literatura. Estação Científica (UNIFAP), 7, 45.
da Silva Duarte V., Treu L., Sartori C., Dias R.S., da Silva Paes I., Vieira M.S., et al. 2020. Milk microbial composition of Brazilian dairy cows entering the dry period and genomic comparison between Staphylococcus aureus strains susceptible to the bacteriophage vB_SauM-UFV_DC4. Sci Rep, 10.
FAO. 2021. Dairy market review.
Fariña N. 2016. Bacterial resistance. A global public health problem with difficult solution. Memorias del Inst Investig en Ciencias la Salud, 14, 4–7.
Feßler A.T., Kaspar H., Lindeman C.J., Peters T., Watts J.L. & Schwarz S. 2017. Proposal for agar disk diffusion interpretive criteria for susceptibility testing of bovine mastitis pathogens using cefoperazone 30 μg disks. Vet Microbiol, 200, 65–70.
G.A. C. & J.M. R. 2011. Mastitis: Comparative etiology and epidemiology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 16, 339–356.
Gonzalez-Peña D., Vukasinovic N., Brooker J.J., Przybyla C.A., Baktula A. & DeNise S.K. 2020. Genomic evaluation for wellness traits in US Jersey cattle. J Dairy Sci, 103, 1735–1748.
Hogeveen H., Huijps K. & Lam T.J.G.M. 2011. Economic aspects of mastitis: New developments. N Z Vet J, 59, 16–23.
Kibebew K. 2017. Bovine Mastitis : A Review of Causes and Epidemiological Point of View. J Biol Agric Healthc, 7, 1–14.
Koneman E.W. & Cury A.E. 2001. Diagnóstico microbiológico : texto e atlas colorido.
Krewer C.C., Izabela I.P., Amanso E.S., Cavalcante N.B., de M. Peixoto R., Pinheiro J.W., et al. 2013. Etiology, antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus spp. and risk factors associated with bovine mastitis in the states of Bahia and pernambuco. Pesqui Vet Bras, 33, 601–606.
Martins J.D.F.L., Martins A.D. de O., Milagres R.C.R.M. & Andrade N.J. de. 2007. Resistência a antibióticos de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de dietas enterais em um hospital público de Minas Gerais. Semin Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, 28, 9.
McDougall S., Compton C.W.R. & Botha N. 2017. Factors influencing antimicrobial prescribing by veterinarians and usage by dairy farmers in New Zealand. N Z Vet J, 65, 84–92.
NCCLS. 1990. Document: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests.
Oliver S.P. 2004. Microbiological procedures for the diagnosis of bovine udder infection and determination of milk quality. Verona, Wis NMC, 2004, 47 p.
Pavlenko O., Suleymanov S. & Mironova L. 2018. Comparative Analysis of Morphological Changes in Mammary Gland in Cows when Treating Mastitis. , 2018. , 10.2991/agrosmart-18.2018.102.
Pérez V.K.C., Costa G.M. da, Guimarães A.S., Heinemann M.B., Lage A.P. & Dorneles E.M.S. 2020. Relationship between virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 22, 792–802.
Rudenko P., Sachivkina N., Vatnikov Y., Shabunin S., Engashev S., Kontsevaya S., et al. 2021. Role of microorganisms isolated from cows with mastitis in Moscow region in biofilm formation. Int J One Heal, 14, 40–48.
Ruegg P.L. 2020. Understanding the economic impact of mastitis therapy – the role of duration and drug selection. Third Am Assoc Bov Pr Annu Recent Grad Conf, 53.
Santos E.M.P. dos, Brito M.A.V.P., Lange C., Brito J.R.F. & Cerqueira M.M.O.P. 2018. Streptococcus e gêneros relacionados como agentes etiológicos de mastite bovina. Acta Sci Vet, 35, 17.
Serwecińska L. 2020. Antimicrobials and antibiotic-resistant bacteria: A risk to the environment and to public health. Water (Switzerland), 12.
Silva J.G., Alcântara A.M. & Mota R.A. 2018. Mastite bovina causada por Staphylococcus spp. resistentes à meticilina: revisão de literatura. Pesqui Veterinária Bras, 38, 223–228.
Sokolov S., Fursova K., Shulcheva I., Nikanova D., Artyemieva O., Kolodina E., et al. 2021. Comparative analysis of milk microbiomes and their association with bovine mastitis in two farms in central Russia. Animals, 11.
Tomazi T. & dos Santos M.V. 2020. Antimicrobial use for treatment of clinical mastitis in dairy herds from Brazil and its association with herd-level descriptors. Prev Vet Med, 176.
Valmorbida M.K., dos Santos Carneiro D.C., Prior K.C., Griebeler E., Troncarelli M.Z. & Dezen D. 2017. Etiology and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility profile of strains isolated from bovine mastitis in dairy herds from the midwest region of Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Acta Vet Bras, 11, 219–225.
Viçosa G.N., Moraes P.M., Yamazi A.K. & Nero L.A. 2010. Enumeration of coagulase and thermonuclease-positive Staphylococcus spp. in raw milk and fresh soft cheese: An evaluation of Baird-Parker agar, Rabbit Plasma Fibrinogen agar and the PetrifilmTM Staph Express count system. Food Microbiol, 27, 447–452.