Abstract
This study aims to update current data regarding Border Disease in sheep and goats, determine the first prevalence of BDV in cattle and identify its circulated genotype in Turkey. For this purpose, 100 sheep, 20 goats and 193 cattle aborted fetuses sent for diagnosis to Samsun Veterinary Control Institute between 2015 and 2017 were analyzed in terms of pestivirus by Ag‑ELISA, BDV by Real‑Time test (RT‑PCR) and Conventional RT‑PCR test. The rate of pestivirus positive animals was found at 50.26% (97/193) in cattle, 58% (58/100) in sheep and 55% (11/20) in goats by the pestivirus Ag‑ELISA test. Total of 58 Ag‑ELISA positive sheep were tested by Real‑Time RT‑PCR and conventional RT‑PCR tests. End of the tests, one sheep sample (1.72%) was found BDV positive by Real‑Time RT‑PCR test and three sheep (5.17%) and one cattle (1.03%) samples were detected as BDV positive by conventional RT‑PCR test. BDV positivity was not detected in goats in this research. All samples that were found positive by conventional RT‑PCR test and Real‑Time RT‑PCR test were genotyped by phylogenetic sequence analysis, and obtained results showed that BDV‑3 and BDV‑7 genotypes of BDV in sheep and BVDV‑1 genotype in cattle circulated in the investigated area. The sequence analysis results revealed that conventional RT‑PCR and Real‑Time RT‑PCR tests detected genotype BDV‑3, while genotype BDV‑7 was only detected by conventional RT‑PCR test in sheep abortion materials. Additionally, it was found that one bovine specimen was BDV positive by conventional PCR, but the same sample was identified as BVDV‑1 at sequence analysis. The obtained data of this study showed that new probes should be designed using our local strains for BDV diagnosis by Real‑Time RT‑PCR assay, and cattle must be sampled for BDV screening, and PCR tests results should always be confirmed by sequence analysis.
References
Albayrak H., Gumusova S.O., Ozan E., Yazici Z. 2012. Molecular detection of pestiviruses in aborted fetuses from provinces in northern Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod, 44, 677-680.
Ataseven V.S., Ataseven L., Tan T., Babür C., Oguzoglu T.C. 2006. Seropositivity of agents causing abortion in local goat breeds in Eastern and South-eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Rev Med Vet, 157(11), 545-550.
Azkur A.K., Gazyagci S., Aslan M.E., Unal N. 2011. Molecular and serological characterization of pestivirus infection among sheep in Kirikkale, Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 17, 83-92.
Becher P., Shannon A.D, Tautz N., Thiel H.J. 1994. Molecular characterization of border disease virus, a pestivirus from sheep. Virology, 198(2), 542-551.
Becher P., Konig M., Paton D.J., Thiel H-J. 1995. Further characterization of border disease virus isolates: Evidence for the presence of more than three species within the genus pestivirus. Virology, 209, 200-206.
Becher P., Orlich M., Shannon A.D., Horner G., König M., Thiel H.J. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of pestiviruses from domestic and wild ruminants. J Gen Virol, 78, 1357-1366.
Becher P., Ramiro A.R., Michaela O., Sibilina C.R., Matthias K., Matthias S., Hanspeter S., Horst S., Heinz-Jürgen T. 2003. Genetic and antigenic characterization of novel pestivirus genotypes: Implications for classification. Virology, 311, 96-104.
Braun U., Hilbe M., Janett F., Hässig M., Zanoni R., Frei S., Schweizer M. 2015. Transmission of border disease virus from a persistently infected calf to seronegative heifers in early pregnancy. BMC Vet Res, 11(43), 1-8.
Burgu I., Ozturk F., Akca Y., Toker A., Frey H-R., Liess B. 1987. Investigations on the occurence and impact of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus infections in sheep in Turkey. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 94, 292-294.
Burgu I., Akça Y., Alkan F., Özkul A., Karaoğlu T. 2001. The serological and virological investigations and pathogenesis of BVDV infection in sheep during pre- and post-partum periods. J Neurol Sci, 25, 551-557.
Çokçalışkan C. Gebe koyunlar ve fötuslarında pestivirus enfeksiyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, PhD Thesis, Ankara, Turkey, 2000
Dubois E., Russo P., Prigent M., Thiéry R. 2008. Genetic characterization of ovine pestiviruses isolated in France, between 1985 and 2006. Vet Microbiol, 130, 69-79.
Elvira-Partida L., Fernández M., Gutiérrez J., Esnal A., Benavides J., Perez V., de la Torre A., Alvarez M., Esperon F. 2017. Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus 2 as the Cause of Abortion Outbreaks on Commercial Sheep Flocks. Transbound Emerg Dis, 64, 19-26.
Garcia-Perez A.L., Minguijo´n E., Barandika J.F., Aduriz G., Povedano I., Juste R.A., Hurtado A. 2009. Detection of Border disease virus in fetuses, stillbirths, and newborn lambs from natural and experimental infections. J Vet Diagn Invest, 21(3), 331-337.
Garcia-Perez A.L., Ruiz-Fons F., Barandika J.F., Aduriz G., Juste R.A., Hurtado A. 2010. Border disease virus seroprevalence correlates to antibodies in bulk-tank milk and reproductive performance of dairy sheep flocks. J Dairy Sci ,93(6), 2444-9.
Giammarioli M., La Rocca S.A., Steinbaich F., Casciari C., De Mia G.M. 2011. Genetic and antigenic typing of border disease virus (BDV) isolates from Italy reveals the existence of a novel BDV group. Vet Microbiol, 147(3-4), 231-236.
Giammarioli M., Rossi E., Casciari C., Bazzucchi M., Torresi C., De Mia G.M. 2015. Genetic characterization of border disease virus (BDV) isolates from small ruminants in Italy. Virus Genes, 50(2), 321-324.
Giangaspero M., Ibata G., Savını G., Osawa T., Tatamı S., Takagi E., Moriya H., Okura N., Kimura A., Harasawa R. 2011. Epidemiological Survey of Border Disease Virus among Sheep from Northern Districts of Japan. J Vet Med, 73(12), 1629-1633.
Gomez-Romero N., Basurto-Alcantara F.J., Verdugo-Rodrıguez A., Lagunes-Quintanilla R., Bauermann F.V. 2018. Ridpath J.F. Detection of border disease virus in Mexican cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis, 65, 267-271.
Göktuna P.T., Alpay G., Öner E.B., Yeşibağ K. 2017. Co-existence of bovine viral diarrhea and border disease viruses in a sheep flock suffering from abortus and diarrhea. J. Vet. Anim, 41, 1-8.
Gür S. 2009. A investigation of border disease virus in sheep in Western Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod, 41, 1409-1412.
Hall T.A. 1999. BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium, 41, 95-98.
Hasircioglu S., Kale M., Acar A. 2009. Investigation of pestiviruses infections in aborted sheep and goats in Burdur region. Kafkas Univ Ve. Fak Derg, 15, 163-167.
Hornberg A., Fernandez S.R., Vogl C., Vilcek S., Matt M., Fink M., Köfer J., Schöpf K. 2009. Genetic diversity of pestivirus isolates in cattle from Western Austria. Vet Microbiol, 135(3-4), 205-213.
Internatıonal Commıttee On Taxonomy Of Virus (2016). ICTV Virus Taxonomy 2015. Website http://www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp (accessed 10.05.2019)
Krametter-Froetscher R., Kohler H., Benetka V., Moestl K., Golja F., Vilcek S., Baumgartner W. 2007. Influence of communal Alpine pasturing on the spread of pestiviruses among sheep and goats in Austria: First identification of boarder disease virus in Austria. Zoonoses Public Health, 54, 209-213.
Li W., Mao L., Yang L., Bin Z., Jiang J. 2013. Development and partial validation of a recombinant E2-based indirect ELISA for detection of specific IgM antibody responses against classical swine fever virus. J Virol Methods, 191(1), 63-68.
Li W., Mao L., Zhao Y., Sun Y., He K., Jiang J. 2013. Detection of border disease virus (BDV) in goat herds suffering diarrhea in eastern China. Virol J, 10(1), 1-7.
Lunden A., Carlsson U. 1992. Naslund K. Toxoplasmosis and Border disease in 54 Swedish sheep flocks. Seroprevalence and incidence during one gestation period. Acta Vet Scand , 33(2), 175-184.
McFadden A.M.J., Tisdall D.J., Hill F.I., Otterson P., Pulford D., Peake J., Finnegan C.J., La Rocca S.A., Kok-Mun T., Weir A.M. 2012. The first case of a bull persistently infected with border disease virus in New Zealand. N Z Vet J, 60, 290-296.
Nettleton P.F., Willoughby K. 2010. Border disease. In: OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. OIE, Paris, France, Chapter 2.7.1: 963.
Oguzoglu TC, Tan MT, Toplu N, Demir AB, Bilge-Dagalp S., Karaoglu T., Ozkul A., Alkan F., Burgu I, Haas L., Greiser-Wilke I. 2009. Border disease virus (BDV) infections of small ruminants in Turkey: A new BDV subgroup? Vet Microbiol , 135, 374-379.
Okur Gumusova S., Yazici Z., Albayrak H. 2006. Pestivirus seroprevalance in sheep populations from inland and coastal zones of Turkey. Rev Med Vet, 157(12), 595-598.
O’Neill R.G., O’Connor M., O’Reilly P.J. 2004. A survey of antibodies to pestivirus in sheep in the Republic of Ireland. Ir Vet J, 57, 525-530.
Peletto S., Caruso C., Cerutti F., Modest P., Zoppi S., Dondo A., Acutis P.L., Masoero L. 2016. A new genotype of border disease virus with implications for molecular diagnostics. Arch Virol, 161, 471-477.
Peterhans E., Bachofen C., Stalder H., Schweizer M. 2010. Cyto-pathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV): Emerging pestivirusesdoomed to extinction. Vet Res, 41(4), 1-14.
Stalder H.P., Meier P., Pfaffen G., Wageck-Canal C., Rüfenacht J., Schaller P., Bachofen C., Marti S., Vogt H.R., Peterhans E. 2005. Genetic heterogeneity of pestiviruses of ruminants in Switzerland. Prev Vet Med, 72, 37-41.
Strong R., La Rocaa S.A., Ibata G., Sandvik G. 2010. Antigenic and genetic characterisation of border disease viruses isolated from UK cattle. Vet Microbiol, 141(3-4), 208-215.
Sullivan D.G., Chang G.J., Akkina R.K. 1997. Genetic characterization of ruminant pestiviruses: Sequence analysis of viral genotypes isolated from sheep. Virus Res, 47, 19-29.
Tamura K., Peterson D., Peterson N., Stecher G., Nei M., Kumar S. 2011. MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol, 28, 2731-2739.
Toplak I., Sandvik T., Barlic-Maganja D., Grom J., Paton D.J. 2004. Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhoea virus: most Slovenian isolates are of genotypes 1d and 1f. Vet Microbiol, 99, 175-185.
Toplu N., Oguzoglu T.C., Albayrak H. 2012. Dual infection of fetal and neonatal small ruminants with border disease virus and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV): Neuronal tropism of PPRV as a novel finding. J Comp Pathol, 146(4), 289-297.
Valdazo-Gonzalez B., Alvarez M., Sandvik T. 2008. Prevalence of border disease virus in Spanish lambs. Vet Microbiol, 128, 269-278.
Vilcek S., Herring A.J., Herring J.A., Nettleton P.F., Lowings J.P., Paton D.J. 1994. Pestiviruses isolated from pigs, cattle and sheep can be allocated into at least three genogroups using polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis. Arch Virol, 36(3-4), 309-323.
Vilcek S., Belak S. 1996. Genetic identification of pestivirus strain Frijters as a border disease virus from pigs. J Virol Methods, 60(1), 103-108.
Vilcek S., Nettleton P.F., Paton D.J., Belak S. 1997. Molecular characterization of ovine pestiviruses. J Gen Virol, 78, 725-735.
Vilcek S., Björklund H.V., Horner G.W., Meers J., Belák S. 1998. Genetic typing of pestiviruses from New Zealand. N Z Vet J, 46, 35-37.
Vilcek S., Paton D.J. 2000. A RT-PCR assay for the rapid recognition of border disease virus. Vet Res, 31(4), 437-445.
Vilcek S., Nettleton P. Pestiviruses in wild animals. 2006. Vet Microbiol, 116, 1-12.
Vilcek S., Leskova V., Meyer D., Postel A., Becher P. 2014. Molecular characterization of border disease virus strain Aveyron. Vet Microbiol, 171, 87-92.
Willoughby K., Valdazo-Gonzalez B., Maley M., Gilray J., Nettleton P.F. 2006. Development of a real time RT-PCR to detect and type ovine pestiviruses. J Virol Methods, 132(1-2), 187-194.
World Organization For Animal Health (2017). OIE Listed Disease. Border Disease. Website http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.07.01_BORDER_DIS.pdf. (accessed 10.05.2019)
Yazıcı Z., Serdar Murat S., Okur Gumusova S., Albayrak H. 2012. Moleculer diagnosis and seroepidemiology of pestiviruses in sheep. Vet Arh , 82(1), 35-45.
Yesilbag K., Förster C., Bank-Wolf B. 2008. Genetic heterogeneity of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) isolates from Turkey: Identification of a new subgroup in BVDV-1. Vet Microbiol, 130(3-4), 258-267.
Ataseven V.S., Ataseven L., Tan T., Babür C., Oguzoglu T.C. 2006. Seropositivity of agents causing abortion in local goat breeds in Eastern and South-eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Rev Med Vet, 157(11), 545-550.
Azkur A.K., Gazyagci S., Aslan M.E., Unal N. 2011. Molecular and serological characterization of pestivirus infection among sheep in Kirikkale, Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 17, 83-92.
Becher P., Shannon A.D, Tautz N., Thiel H.J. 1994. Molecular characterization of border disease virus, a pestivirus from sheep. Virology, 198(2), 542-551.
Becher P., Konig M., Paton D.J., Thiel H-J. 1995. Further characterization of border disease virus isolates: Evidence for the presence of more than three species within the genus pestivirus. Virology, 209, 200-206.
Becher P., Orlich M., Shannon A.D., Horner G., König M., Thiel H.J. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of pestiviruses from domestic and wild ruminants. J Gen Virol, 78, 1357-1366.
Becher P., Ramiro A.R., Michaela O., Sibilina C.R., Matthias K., Matthias S., Hanspeter S., Horst S., Heinz-Jürgen T. 2003. Genetic and antigenic characterization of novel pestivirus genotypes: Implications for classification. Virology, 311, 96-104.
Braun U., Hilbe M., Janett F., Hässig M., Zanoni R., Frei S., Schweizer M. 2015. Transmission of border disease virus from a persistently infected calf to seronegative heifers in early pregnancy. BMC Vet Res, 11(43), 1-8.
Burgu I., Ozturk F., Akca Y., Toker A., Frey H-R., Liess B. 1987. Investigations on the occurence and impact of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus infections in sheep in Turkey. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 94, 292-294.
Burgu I., Akça Y., Alkan F., Özkul A., Karaoğlu T. 2001. The serological and virological investigations and pathogenesis of BVDV infection in sheep during pre- and post-partum periods. J Neurol Sci, 25, 551-557.
Çokçalışkan C. Gebe koyunlar ve fötuslarında pestivirus enfeksiyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, PhD Thesis, Ankara, Turkey, 2000
Dubois E., Russo P., Prigent M., Thiéry R. 2008. Genetic characterization of ovine pestiviruses isolated in France, between 1985 and 2006. Vet Microbiol, 130, 69-79.
Elvira-Partida L., Fernández M., Gutiérrez J., Esnal A., Benavides J., Perez V., de la Torre A., Alvarez M., Esperon F. 2017. Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus 2 as the Cause of Abortion Outbreaks on Commercial Sheep Flocks. Transbound Emerg Dis, 64, 19-26.
Garcia-Perez A.L., Minguijo´n E., Barandika J.F., Aduriz G., Povedano I., Juste R.A., Hurtado A. 2009. Detection of Border disease virus in fetuses, stillbirths, and newborn lambs from natural and experimental infections. J Vet Diagn Invest, 21(3), 331-337.
Garcia-Perez A.L., Ruiz-Fons F., Barandika J.F., Aduriz G., Juste R.A., Hurtado A. 2010. Border disease virus seroprevalence correlates to antibodies in bulk-tank milk and reproductive performance of dairy sheep flocks. J Dairy Sci ,93(6), 2444-9.
Giammarioli M., La Rocca S.A., Steinbaich F., Casciari C., De Mia G.M. 2011. Genetic and antigenic typing of border disease virus (BDV) isolates from Italy reveals the existence of a novel BDV group. Vet Microbiol, 147(3-4), 231-236.
Giammarioli M., Rossi E., Casciari C., Bazzucchi M., Torresi C., De Mia G.M. 2015. Genetic characterization of border disease virus (BDV) isolates from small ruminants in Italy. Virus Genes, 50(2), 321-324.
Giangaspero M., Ibata G., Savını G., Osawa T., Tatamı S., Takagi E., Moriya H., Okura N., Kimura A., Harasawa R. 2011. Epidemiological Survey of Border Disease Virus among Sheep from Northern Districts of Japan. J Vet Med, 73(12), 1629-1633.
Gomez-Romero N., Basurto-Alcantara F.J., Verdugo-Rodrıguez A., Lagunes-Quintanilla R., Bauermann F.V. 2018. Ridpath J.F. Detection of border disease virus in Mexican cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis, 65, 267-271.
Göktuna P.T., Alpay G., Öner E.B., Yeşibağ K. 2017. Co-existence of bovine viral diarrhea and border disease viruses in a sheep flock suffering from abortus and diarrhea. J. Vet. Anim, 41, 1-8.
Gür S. 2009. A investigation of border disease virus in sheep in Western Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod, 41, 1409-1412.
Hall T.A. 1999. BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium, 41, 95-98.
Hasircioglu S., Kale M., Acar A. 2009. Investigation of pestiviruses infections in aborted sheep and goats in Burdur region. Kafkas Univ Ve. Fak Derg, 15, 163-167.
Hornberg A., Fernandez S.R., Vogl C., Vilcek S., Matt M., Fink M., Köfer J., Schöpf K. 2009. Genetic diversity of pestivirus isolates in cattle from Western Austria. Vet Microbiol, 135(3-4), 205-213.
Internatıonal Commıttee On Taxonomy Of Virus (2016). ICTV Virus Taxonomy 2015. Website http://www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp (accessed 10.05.2019)
Krametter-Froetscher R., Kohler H., Benetka V., Moestl K., Golja F., Vilcek S., Baumgartner W. 2007. Influence of communal Alpine pasturing on the spread of pestiviruses among sheep and goats in Austria: First identification of boarder disease virus in Austria. Zoonoses Public Health, 54, 209-213.
Li W., Mao L., Yang L., Bin Z., Jiang J. 2013. Development and partial validation of a recombinant E2-based indirect ELISA for detection of specific IgM antibody responses against classical swine fever virus. J Virol Methods, 191(1), 63-68.
Li W., Mao L., Zhao Y., Sun Y., He K., Jiang J. 2013. Detection of border disease virus (BDV) in goat herds suffering diarrhea in eastern China. Virol J, 10(1), 1-7.
Lunden A., Carlsson U. 1992. Naslund K. Toxoplasmosis and Border disease in 54 Swedish sheep flocks. Seroprevalence and incidence during one gestation period. Acta Vet Scand , 33(2), 175-184.
McFadden A.M.J., Tisdall D.J., Hill F.I., Otterson P., Pulford D., Peake J., Finnegan C.J., La Rocca S.A., Kok-Mun T., Weir A.M. 2012. The first case of a bull persistently infected with border disease virus in New Zealand. N Z Vet J, 60, 290-296.
Nettleton P.F., Willoughby K. 2010. Border disease. In: OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. OIE, Paris, France, Chapter 2.7.1: 963.
Oguzoglu TC, Tan MT, Toplu N, Demir AB, Bilge-Dagalp S., Karaoglu T., Ozkul A., Alkan F., Burgu I, Haas L., Greiser-Wilke I. 2009. Border disease virus (BDV) infections of small ruminants in Turkey: A new BDV subgroup? Vet Microbiol , 135, 374-379.
Okur Gumusova S., Yazici Z., Albayrak H. 2006. Pestivirus seroprevalance in sheep populations from inland and coastal zones of Turkey. Rev Med Vet, 157(12), 595-598.
O’Neill R.G., O’Connor M., O’Reilly P.J. 2004. A survey of antibodies to pestivirus in sheep in the Republic of Ireland. Ir Vet J, 57, 525-530.
Peletto S., Caruso C., Cerutti F., Modest P., Zoppi S., Dondo A., Acutis P.L., Masoero L. 2016. A new genotype of border disease virus with implications for molecular diagnostics. Arch Virol, 161, 471-477.
Peterhans E., Bachofen C., Stalder H., Schweizer M. 2010. Cyto-pathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV): Emerging pestivirusesdoomed to extinction. Vet Res, 41(4), 1-14.
Stalder H.P., Meier P., Pfaffen G., Wageck-Canal C., Rüfenacht J., Schaller P., Bachofen C., Marti S., Vogt H.R., Peterhans E. 2005. Genetic heterogeneity of pestiviruses of ruminants in Switzerland. Prev Vet Med, 72, 37-41.
Strong R., La Rocaa S.A., Ibata G., Sandvik G. 2010. Antigenic and genetic characterisation of border disease viruses isolated from UK cattle. Vet Microbiol, 141(3-4), 208-215.
Sullivan D.G., Chang G.J., Akkina R.K. 1997. Genetic characterization of ruminant pestiviruses: Sequence analysis of viral genotypes isolated from sheep. Virus Res, 47, 19-29.
Tamura K., Peterson D., Peterson N., Stecher G., Nei M., Kumar S. 2011. MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol, 28, 2731-2739.
Toplak I., Sandvik T., Barlic-Maganja D., Grom J., Paton D.J. 2004. Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhoea virus: most Slovenian isolates are of genotypes 1d and 1f. Vet Microbiol, 99, 175-185.
Toplu N., Oguzoglu T.C., Albayrak H. 2012. Dual infection of fetal and neonatal small ruminants with border disease virus and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV): Neuronal tropism of PPRV as a novel finding. J Comp Pathol, 146(4), 289-297.
Valdazo-Gonzalez B., Alvarez M., Sandvik T. 2008. Prevalence of border disease virus in Spanish lambs. Vet Microbiol, 128, 269-278.
Vilcek S., Herring A.J., Herring J.A., Nettleton P.F., Lowings J.P., Paton D.J. 1994. Pestiviruses isolated from pigs, cattle and sheep can be allocated into at least three genogroups using polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis. Arch Virol, 36(3-4), 309-323.
Vilcek S., Belak S. 1996. Genetic identification of pestivirus strain Frijters as a border disease virus from pigs. J Virol Methods, 60(1), 103-108.
Vilcek S., Nettleton P.F., Paton D.J., Belak S. 1997. Molecular characterization of ovine pestiviruses. J Gen Virol, 78, 725-735.
Vilcek S., Björklund H.V., Horner G.W., Meers J., Belák S. 1998. Genetic typing of pestiviruses from New Zealand. N Z Vet J, 46, 35-37.
Vilcek S., Paton D.J. 2000. A RT-PCR assay for the rapid recognition of border disease virus. Vet Res, 31(4), 437-445.
Vilcek S., Nettleton P. Pestiviruses in wild animals. 2006. Vet Microbiol, 116, 1-12.
Vilcek S., Leskova V., Meyer D., Postel A., Becher P. 2014. Molecular characterization of border disease virus strain Aveyron. Vet Microbiol, 171, 87-92.
Willoughby K., Valdazo-Gonzalez B., Maley M., Gilray J., Nettleton P.F. 2006. Development of a real time RT-PCR to detect and type ovine pestiviruses. J Virol Methods, 132(1-2), 187-194.
World Organization For Animal Health (2017). OIE Listed Disease. Border Disease. Website http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.07.01_BORDER_DIS.pdf. (accessed 10.05.2019)
Yazıcı Z., Serdar Murat S., Okur Gumusova S., Albayrak H. 2012. Moleculer diagnosis and seroepidemiology of pestiviruses in sheep. Vet Arh , 82(1), 35-45.
Yesilbag K., Förster C., Bank-Wolf B. 2008. Genetic heterogeneity of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) isolates from Turkey: Identification of a new subgroup in BVDV-1. Vet Microbiol, 130(3-4), 258-267.