Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) are two OIE‑listed vector borne diseases of domestic and wild ruminants caused by two orbiviruses, BT virus (BTV) and EHD virus, respectively. Also wildlife can be infected by these two viruses. They can manifest a variable range of clinical signs and lesions. Some species appear to be extremely susceptible showing, indeed, high mortality rates, others may act only as reservoirs, playing however, an important epidemiological role. The purpose of this review is to describe the clinical and pathological manifestations related to these diseases in wildlife species and to review available literature on BTV/EHDV‑infected wildlife species with emphasis for the south American scenario.
References
Alexander K.A., Maclachlan N.J., Kat P.W., House C., O'Brien S.J., Lerche, N.W., Sawyer M., Frank L.G., Holekamp K., Smale L., Mcnutt J.W., Laurenson M.K., Mills M.G.L. & Osburn A. I. 1994. Evidence of natural bluetongue virus infection among African carnivores. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 51(5), 568-576.
Alfieri A.A., Alfieri A.F., Takiuchi E. & Lobato Z.I.P. 2007. Reoviridae. In Virologia Veterinária (E.F. Flores, ed.) UFSM, Santa Maria, 773-807.
Arida G.M.M., Morato R.G. & Duarte J.M.B. 1997. Língua azul e/ ou doença epizoótica hemorrágica. In Biologia e Conservação de Cervídeos Sul-Americanos: Blastocerus, Ozotocerus e Mazama (J.M.B. Duarte, ed.) FUNEP, Jaboticabal, 214-224.
Baldini M. H. M. 2016. Pesquisa de doenças hemorrágicas em cervídeos do Refúgio biológico Bela Vista da Itaipu Binacional, Foz do Iguaçu-PR. Dissertation. Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Batten C.A., Harif B., Henstock M.R., Ghizlane S., Edwards L., Loutfi, C., Oura C.A.L. & El Harrak M. 2011. Experimental infection of camels with bluetongue virus. Res Vet Sci, 90, 533-535.
Bowen R.A., Howard T.H., Entwistle K.W. & Pickett B.W. 1983. Seminal shedding of bluetongue virus in experimentally infected mature bulls. Am J Vet Res, 44(12), 2268-2270.
Campen H.V., Davis C., Flinchum J.D., Bishop J.V., Schiebel A., Duncan C. & Spraker T. 2013. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in yaks (Bos grunniens). J Vet Diagn Invest, 25(3), 443-446.
Chandel B.S., Chauhan H.C. & Kher H.N. 2003. Comparasion of the Standart AGID test and competitive ELISA for detecting bluetongue virus antibodies in camels in Gujarat, India. Trop Anim Health Prod, 35, 99-104.
Deem S.L., Noss A.J., Villarroel R., Uhart M.M. & Karesh W.B. 2004. Disease survey of free-ranging grey brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) in the Gran Chaco, Bolivia. J Wildl Dis, 40(1), 92-98.
Du Toit R.M. 1944.The transmission of bluetongue and horse sickness by Culicoides. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci, 19, 7-16.
Duarte J.M.B., Merino M.L., Gonzalez S., Nunes A.L.V., Garcia J.M., Szabó M.P.J., Pandolfi J.R., Arantes I.G., Nascimento A.A., Zacarias R., Machado, R.Z., Araújo Jr. J. P., Catão-Dias J.L., Werther K., Garcia J.E., Girio R.J.S. & Matushima E.R. 2001. Order Artiodactyla, Family Cervidae (Deer). In Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals (M. E. Fowler & Z. S. Cubas, eds). Iowa State University Press, Iowa, 402-422.
Favero C.M., Matos A.C.D., Campos F.S., Cândido M.V., Costa E.A., Heinemann M. B., Figueiredo E., Stancioli B. & Lobato Z.I.P. 2013. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in brocket deer, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis, 19(2), 346-348.
Fernández-Pacheco P., Fernández-Pinero J., Agüero M. & Jiménez-Clavero M.A. 2008. Bluetongue virus serotype 1 in wild mouflons in Spain. Vet Rec, 162, 659-660.
Gaydos J.K., Davidson W.R., Elvinger F., Mead D.G., Howerth E.W. & Stallknecht D.E. 2002. Innate resistance to epizootic hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer. J Wildl Dis, 38(4), 713-719.
Gerber P.F., Galinari G.C.F., Cortez A., Paula C.D., Lobato Z.I.P. & Heinemann M.B. 2012. Orbivirus infections in collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) in Southeastern Brazil. J Wildl Dis, 48, 230-232.
Gibbs E.P.J. & Greiner E.C. 1994. The epidemiology of bluetongue. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 17 (3/4), 207-220.
Hassine T.B., Amdouni J., Monaco F., Savini G., Sghaier S., Selimen I.B., Chandoul W., Hamida K.B. & Hammami S. 2017. Emerging vector-borne diseases in dromedaries in Tunisia: West Nile, bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic disease and Rift Valley fever. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 84, a1316.
Hoff G.L. & Trainer D.O. 1973. Experimental infection in North American elk with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. J Wildl Dis, 9, 129-132.
Howard T.H., Bowen R.A. & Pickett B.W. 1985. Isolation of bluetongue virus from bull semen. Prog Clin Biol Res, 178, 127-134.
Jauniaux T.P., De Clercq K.E., Cassart D.E., Kennedy S., Vandenbussche F.E., Karesh W.B., Uhart M.M., Dierenfeld E.S., Braselton W.E., Torres A., House C., Puche H., Cook R.A. 1998. Health evaluation of free-ranging guanaco (Lama guanicoe). J Zoo Wildl Med, 29 (2), 134-141.
Karstadt L. & Trainert D.O. 1967. Histopathology of experimental bluetongue disease of white-tailed deer. Can Vet J, 8 (11), 247-254.
Kawanami A.E., Oliveira J.P., Arenales A., Crossley B., Woods L.W., Duarte J.M.B. & Werther K. 2018. Detection of bluetongue virus in Brazilian cervids in São Paulo State. Pesq Vet Bras, 38, 137-142.
López-Olivera J.R., Falconi C., Férnandez-Pacheco P., Fernández-Pinero J., Sánchez M.A., Palma A., Herruzo I., Vicente J., Jiménez-Clavero M.A., Arias M., Sánchez-Vizcaíno J.M. & Gortázar C. 2010. Experimental infection of European red deer (Cervus elaphus) with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8. Vet Microbiol, 145, 148-152.
Lubroth J. 1992. The complete epidemiologic cycle of African horse sickness: our incomplete knowledge. In Bluetongue, African Horse Sickness and Related Orbiviruses. (T. E. Walton & B.I Osburn eds) CRC Press, Boca Raton, 197-204.
Marcoppido G., Parreño V. & Vila B. 2010. Antibodies to pathogenic livestock viruses in a wild vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) population in the Argentinean Andean altiplano. J Wildl Dis, 46(2), 608-614.
May-Júnior J.A. 2011. Avaliação de parâmetros fisiológicos e epidemiológicos da população de anta-brasileira (Tapirus terrestres, Linnaeus, 1758) na Mata Atlântica do Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo, Pontal do Paranapanema, São Paulo. Dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
Nol P., Kato C., Reeves W.K., Rhyan J., Spraker T., Gidlewski T., VerCauteren K. & Salman M. 2010. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease outbreak in a captive facility housing white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), bison (Bison bison), elk (Cervus elaphus), cattle (Bos taurus), and goats (Capra hircus) in Colorado, USA. J Zoo Wildl Med, 41(3), 510-515.
Pandolfi J.R.C., Tamanini M.L.F., Anderson J., Thevassagayam J., Pinto A.A. & Montassier H.J. 1998a. Prospective study of bluetongue (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer viruses (EHDV) infections in domestic and wild ruminants reared in UNESP‑Jaboticabal experimental farm. Virus Rev Res, 3, 56-57.
Pandolfi J.R.C., Tamanini M.L.F., Araujo J.P., Duarte J.M.B., Anderson J. & Thevassagayam J. 1998b. Presence of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus in a population of free-ranging marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) living in southwest of São Paulo and in Northeast of Mato Grosso do Sul states, in Brazil. Virus Rev Res, 3, S56.
Rivera G.H., Cárdenas P.L., Ramírez V.M., Manchego S.A., More B.J., Zúñiga H.A. & Romero S.M. 2013. Infección por orbivirus en huanganas (Tayassu Pecari) de Madre de Dios. Rev Inv Vet Perú, 24(4), 544-550.
Roeder P.L., Taylor W.P., Roberts D.H., Wood L., Jeggo M.H., Gard G.P., Corteyn M. & Graham S. 1991. Failure to establish congenital bluetongue virus infection by infecting cows in early pregnancy. Vet Rec, 128(13), 301-304.
Schulz C., Eschbaumer M., Rudolf M., König P., Keller M., Bauer C., Gauly M., Grevelding G.C., Beer M. & Hoffmann B. 2012. Experimental infection of South American camelids with bluetongue virus serotype 8. Vet Microbiol, 154, 257-265.
Shope R.E., Mcnamara L.G. & Mangold R. 1960. A virus-induced epizootic hemorrhagic disease of the Virginia white-tailed deer (Odocoileus Virginianus). J Exp Med, 111, 155-177.
Singer R.S., Boyce W.M., Gardner I.A., Johnson W.O. & Fisher A.S. 1998. Evaluation of bluetongue virus diagnostic tests in free-ranging bighorn sheep. Prev Vet Med, 35, 265-282.
Stallknecht D.E., Howerth E.W. & Gaydos J.K. 2002. Hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer: our current understanding of risk. Trans North Am Wildl Nat Res Conf, 67, 75-86.
Tessaro S.V. & Clavijo A. 2001. Duration of bluetongue viremia in experimentally infected American bison. J Wildl Dis, 37(4), 722-729.
Thorne E.T., Williams E.S., Spraker T.R., Helms W. & Segerstrom T. 1988. Bluetongue in free-ranging pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) in Wyoming: 1976 and 1984. J Wildl Dis, 24(1), 113-119.
Touil N., Cherkaoui Z., Lmrabih Z., Loutfi C., Harif B. & El Harrak M. 2012. Emerging viral diseases in dromedary camels in Southern Morocco. Transbound Emerg Dis, 59, 177-182.
Uhart M.M., Vila A.R., Beade M.S., Balcarce A. & Karesh W.B. 2003. Health evaluation of Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer) at Campos del Tuyu´ Wildlife Reserve, Argentina. J Wildl Dis, 39(4), 887-893.
Vandemeulebroucke E.L., Vanbinst T.M., Verheyden B.I., Goris N.E. & Coignoul F.L. 2008. Bluetongue in Eurasian lynx. Emerg Infect Dis, 14(9), 1496-1497.
Vosdingh R.A., Trainer D. & Easterday B.C. 1968. Experimental bluetongue disease in white-tailed deer. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci, 32, 382-387.
Wernery U., Thomas R., Raghavan R. & Syriac G. 2013. Serological evidence of epizootic haemorrhagic disease and schmallenberg virus in dromedaries. J Camel Pract Res, 20(2), 135-137.
Werther K. & Kawanami A.E. 2014. Doenças Hemorrágicas em Cervídeos. In Tratado de Medicina de Animais Selvagens. 2nd ed. (Z.S. Cubas, J.C.R. Silva & J.L. Catão-Dias, eds), Roca, São Paulo, 1282-1286.
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). 2010. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals OIE, Paris. http://web.oie.int/eng/normes/mcode/en_chapitre_1.8.3.htm
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) 2018.World Animal Health Information System. http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Diseaseinformation/reportarchive
Work T.M., Jessup D.A. & Sawyer M.M. 1992. Experimental bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus infection in California black-tailed deer. J Wildl Dis, 28(4), 623-628.